مجله تاریخ و تمدن اسلامی
پیاپی 38 (بهار 1401)

A number of architectural activities in Egypt during the Mamluks period were influenced by the political context and the goals and factors that associated with it. These contexts added elements and styles to the architecture and provided an area for increasing the number of buildings with such as characteristics. The aim of this research is answer the questions by descriptive-analytical and statistical methods how did political factors affect the architecture of Mamluks in Egypt? Which buildings were created under the influence of these factors? Findings show that factors and goals such as political legitimacy, domination of society, maintaining government and wealth, turning Egypt into the center of the caliphate, and the question of identity, led the country to increase architectural activities.Also, buildings such as ṭibāq, Jām‛, madrasah, khānqāh, zāwiyah, ḥamām, ribāṭ, sabīl-kuttāb and tombs and structures such as squares and bridges are among the buildings that emerged under the influence of political contexts in Egypt.

The integration of Iranian economy into the world economy in the Qajar period caused foreign trade, especially handicrafts such as carpets, to grow significantly. In such circumstances, the United States was considered as one of the most important target countries for the export of Iranian carpets, but this export was accompanied by ups and downs. The present article, based on the press and unpublished documents, seeks to answer the question of what factors accelerated the trade of Iranian carpets in the US market and what were the challenges ahead? the findings of this study indicate that following the reflection of trade and commerce exhibitions in the Qajar period press and the efforts of Iranian diplomats in Washington, some backgrounds in the United States and some factors in Iran accelerated the process of exporting Iranian carpets. Although in some cases there were brief interruptions in carpet exports to the United States for some reason, these obstacles were removed through the efforts of diplomats.

French Orientalism is one of the most important and prominent schools of Oriental studies. The main brilliance of French Orientalism in the era of French colonialism can be seen in Algeria, which took strategic steps to establish and advance the goals of colonialism in Algeria. The collection of French Orientalists includes a number of translators, writers, and artists who are ultimately pluralistic, but must be found in a single orbit. This article uses a descriptive-analytical method to study and analyze the institutions and fields of study and practice of French orientalists in Algeria (1830-1962). The main questions of this article are: What are the institutions and fields of study and practice of French orientalists in Algeria? Findings Algeria is one of the most important Orientalist experiences, especially after its occupation by France in 1830. Orientalists began preliminary studies and training of the military and politicians a few years before the occupation of Algeria. In three stages, French orientalists achieved great success for their respective governments. The first stage (1830_1879) is mostly witnessed by military orientalists. But the second period (1879_1930) saw the expansion of the activities of French Orientalists, both with the establishment of new schools for teaching the Arabic language and with the holding of Orientalist conferences. This period is the most important period of development and implementation of French colonial cultural policies in Algeria. The third stage (1930_1962) the role of orientalists faded. Orientalists and the Church also served a common goal, especially in the spread of Christianity.

National identity is the most important cultural and historical asset of any country that was formed in the distant past and continues from generation to generation. The lack of a historical view of national identity can lead to contradictory and deflective approaches that are sometimes controversial. The historical context of an identity is so important that some thinkers consider identity to be essentially a historical category and believes that the national identity of any country has arisen from the accumulation of a nation's qualities throughout history and therefore a common history is considered the most important determinant of an identity. In this article, with the help of library and analytical method, some views and perceptions about the national identity of Iranians are studied and finally, by criticizing them, the questions of what is necessary to have a historical approach and what is the consequences of its lacking, are answered. The findings of this study show that in order to narrate the identity of a nation and to distinguish right from wrong, having a historical approach is an undeniable necessity.

In order to determine the political and social orientation of the newly established constitutional system, Ali Akbar Dehkhoda has expressed a special reading influenced by the ideology of social democracy. Therefore, the main issue of the research is what was Dehkhoda's understanding of the idea of social democracy and how did he combine it with Islam and Iranian traditions? According to the findings of this study, in Dehkhoda's system of thought, democracy in the form of national government is based on a democratic and social vision. He emphasizes components such as the sovereignty and government of the people, independence, freedom and legal equality of individuals, and considers the realization of these matters as a necessary condition for the transition to the period of progress. In addition, socialism (in the form of a justice-oriented and egalitarian system) has been mentioned as the ultimate goal and horizon of this political system, which will be achieved gradually and through reform of the status quo. In addition, Dehkhoda, by establishing the issue of Khatamiyyah and a new understanding of religion in the form of a monotheistic worldview, has combined socialism with a monotheistic vision and made it the theoretical and philosophical basis of his reading. His reading seems to be based on a combination of these three aspects. Although the evidence shows, this integration has not been able to establish a natural and organic connection between these aspects and to establish a new discourse; but this effort can be considered as the starting point of the idea of ​​creating a national and religious social-democratic discourse

Although the Timurid period is one of the most important periods in the history of Iran, it has been less studied. One of the neglected fields of research of this period is the study of the status and role of Timurid women. The book The Women of Timurid Dynasty is a book that deals with this topic and is therefore praiseworthy. The present review is organized in two parts: firstly, an overview of the book chapters and secondly general imperfections of the book which includes: incorrect way of using sources and references, overcoming of feminist view and contradiction, lack of attention to details, lack of definitive analysis and obvious comments and Incorrect historical claims.